The difference between placenta previa and abruptio placenta

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It does not store any personal data. Functional functional Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Performance performance Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Sometimes if the placenta is found to be low lying partially or marginal the placenta will move upward away from the cervix as the uterus grows throughout the rest of the pregnancy.

This will be reassessed with an ultrasound at 32 weeks. So, in some cases the placenta previa will correct itself. Causes of the placenta attaching abnormally? Signs and Symptoms of Placenta Previa PREVIA Painless vaginal bright RED bleeding mild to profuse Relaxed soft uterus NON-tender Episodes of bleeding not spotting most likely during 3rd trimester…as the body prepares for the baby with the cervix thinning it causes bleeding from where it is tearing the vessels in the placenta.

C-section is usually ordered for a partial or complete previa. In some cases women with a marginal previa low lying may be allowed to have baby vaginally. Complication: Issues with placenta separating completely from uterus because it has embedded deep within the uterus…condition called placenta accreta …. When should the placenta normally detach from the uterine wall?

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This chapter should be cited as follows: Osoti A, Glob. In their severe forms, both placenta previa and placenta abruption may have long-term maternal and neonatal sequelae. Placenta previa is the implantation of placental tissue partially or entirely within the lower segment of the uterus after 20 weeks of gestation.

The abnormally implanted placenta may partially or entirely cover the cervix. Pregnancies complicated with placenta previa often present with painless vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks of gestation and are thereafter confirmed and classified on obstetric ultrasonography. Placental abruption refers to bleeding at the decidual—placental interface of normally implanted placenta, resulting in partial or complete placental detachment prior to delivery of the fetus.

The diagnosis is typically reserved for pregnancies over 20 weeks of gestation. The major clinical findings are vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, often accompanied by hypertonic uterine contractions, uterine tenderness, and a nonreassuring fetal heart rate FHR pattern. In both placenta previa and abruptio, asymptomatic cases may be diagnosed during routine obstetric ultrasonography. In general, management and outcomes depend on the severity of clinical presentation and type of placenta previa or abruptio.

Epidemiology The overall prevalence of placenta previa is estimated as 5. This implantation occurs as a result of defective decidual vascularization possibly from inflammation or atrophy. Due to continued placental growth, the placenta may remain at the lower segment or cover the cervical os partially or fully. Placenta previa presents clinically as painless bleeding and is the leading single cause of major antepartum hemorrhage.

Bleeding in placenta previa coincides with the development of the lower uterine segment in the third trimester. As the lower uterine segment thins in preparation for the onset of labor, placental attachment is disrupted leading to painless vaginal bleeding at the implantation site. The development of the lower segment also results in dilatation of the internal os, separation of some of the implanted placenta and subsequent bleeding.

The myometrium of the lower uterine segment does not contract adequately to constrict and stop the flow of blood from the avulsed open vessels. Although thrombin released from the bleeding sites promotes uterine contractility, it also leads to a vicious cycle of bleeding—contractions—placental separation—bleeding. Although the underlying cause of placenta previa is not known, a major risk is endometrial damage and uterine scarring.

These pathogeneses may also explain placenta accreta syndromes and vasa previa. Similarly, when sections of the placenta which undergo atrophic changes persist, they may form vasa previa. Types of placenta previa Based on proximity of the placental tissue to the internal cervical os, four types of placenta previa have been traditionally described. Type II or marginal placenta where the placental edge reaches the margin of but does not cover the internal cervical os, type III or partial or incomplete when the placental edge partially covers the internal cervical os especially when closed but not entirely when fully dilated , and type IV or complete, when the placenta totally covers the internal cervical os including during full cervical dilatation.

In addition, placenta previa has been described as anterior or posterior if lying in the anterior or posterior uterine wall, respectively. The majority of the placenta previa are on the posterior wall, and about one-third are placenta previa types III and IV. Other classifications systems characterized placenta previa as complete, partial, and marginal depending on how much of the internal endocervical os was covered by the placenta.

The National Institutes of Health sponsored Fetal Imaging Workshop recommended two categories of placenta previa: placenta previa, when the internal os is covered partially or completely by placenta or low-lying placenta, when the placenta is implanted in the lower segment but the placental edge does not reach or cover the internal os and remains within 2 cm of the cervical os.

Risk factors for placenta previa Multiple factors that increase the risk of defective decidualization and, therefore, the placenta previa 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 include: Placenta previa increases with increasing parity.

Compared to younger women, those more than 35 years and 40 years of age have more than a 4- and 9-fold greater risk for placenta previa, respectively. Asian women have the highest rates of placenta previa compared to white and black women, 4. Prior cesarean delivery: the risk of placenta previa increases with the number of cesarean sections from an estimated 0. Other uterine surgeries like curettage, myomectomy have a slightly elevated risk of previa.

Also, induced abortion and prior abortion due to endometrial scaring and inflammation increase the risk. The diagnosis of placenta previa is based on history, clinical examination findings and supporting imaging studies. Increasingly, however, routine ultrasonography has resulted in earlier diagnosis of asymptomatic cases without or prior to clinical presentation. Although bleeding may be provoked by labor, pelvic examination, or sexual intercourse, often no predisposing factor is identified.

Although the painless hemorrhage often occurs near the end of the second trimester or in the third trimester, placenta previa classically presents with painless third-trimester bleeding. About one-third of women bleed before 30 weeks, one-third between 30 and 36 weeks, and the rest after 36 weeks. Bleeding prior to 30 weeks is associated with increased maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity including blood transfusion. The bleeding may stop spontaneously and recur in labor.

Other findings on history will depend on the severity of the bleeding. For example, patients may be hemodynamically stable, present with mild hypotension or present in shock from severe hemorrhage. Clinical examination General clinical examination The findings on clinical examination depend on severity of the bleeding and may range from stable with no pallor and normal or minimally altered vital signs to clinical features of shock and raised shock index.

Abdominal examination The size of the uterus may be disproportionate to the gestational age resulting in a higher symphysiofundal height compared to the gestational age. The uterus may be relaxed, soft and non-tender compared to findings of placenta abruptio.

There may also be associated multiple pregnancy or uterine leiomyomata. Fetal heart sound is usually present, unless there is severe bleeding and placental separation when the fetal heart rate tracing may have repetitive late decelerations or other non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns.

Other clinical findings depend on the severity of the bleeding. For example, in extremely severe cases there may be absence of fetal heart tones due to intrauterine fetal exsanguination. Pelvic examination The only permitted routine pelvic examination is inspection of the vulva and clothing to ascertain continued bleeding, amount of blood loss, and the color of the blood.

In placenta previa, the blood is bright red as the bleeding occurs from the separated uteroplacental sinuses close to the cervical opening and escapes out immediately. Digital or speculum examination can provoke further placental separation and massive fatal hemorrhage. Speculum examination and not digital vaginal examination should be performed in an operation theater when cesarean delivery can be performed immediately.

However, experienced staff can safely conduct a careful speculum examination for mild cases, stable patients, if there is lack of immediate ultrasound for placental localization. Diagnosis The clinical presentation of painless and often recurrent vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks of pregnancy is often diagnostic of placenta previa unless proven otherwise.

In such women placenta previa can only be excluded after imaging studies. Now only for historical reasons and in very resource-limited settings, a double set-up technique can be diagnostic. In this procedure, the patient is set in the operating room with the surgical team ready for an immediate cesarean section. A digital vaginal examination is then performed.

A finger is passed around the cervix through all the fornices to assess for bogginess suggestive of placental tissue. If the presenting part and not bogginess is felt clearly through all the fornices, the finger is gently introduced into the cervical canal to evaluate for the placenta firm and blood clots soft and friable. Once placenta previa is confirmed a cesarean section is immediately performed. If the placenta previa is ruled out, then artificial rupture of membranes and membrane sweeping is performed, and labor augmented as the other common cause of bleeding in this case is likely to be placenta abruptio.

With the growing availability of obstetric ultrasound, double set-up examination is rarely necessary. Imaging studies The imaging studies for placental location can be obstetric ultrasonography transabdominal, transvaginal or transperineal and magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasonography is the initial imaging study for confirmation or ruling out placenta previa. Precision is improved by emptying the maternal urinary bladder.

False positive results may be due to a full bladder or myometrial contractions. Poor imaging could be due to maternal obesity and posterior placenta poorly visualized as a result of acoustic shadow from the fetal presenting part , lack of anatomical landmark posteriorly compared to anterior uterovesical angle below which placenta is defined.

Transvaginal sonography TVS is safe and superior to the transabdominal ultrasound. Sonogram shows placenta P covering the cervix C. The placental margin P extends downward toward the cervix C and close to the urinary bladder B. In addition, color Doppler ultrasound shows diffuse vascular lakes with turbulent flow in the hypoechoic areas near the cervix.

Three-dimensional power Doppler showing hypervascularity at the uterine serosa bladder junction is diagnostic. Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging MRI is superior to ultrasonography in visualizing placental abnormalities especially posterior placenta previa and placental accreta syndromes. Placenta previa appears as dark intraplacental bands on T2-weighted images. However, MRI is more time consuming, not portable, not widely available and expensive.

If undiagnosed preoperatively, placenta previa may be diagnosed or confirmed at cesarean section. The differential diagnoses of placenta previa include abruptio placentae, local cervical lesions polyps, carcinoma , circumvallate placenta, vasa previa or heavy show. Admission is necessary to establish a diagnosis, and to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of maternal hemodynamic status and fetal well-being.

In addition, admission is recommended because the severity of subsequent bleeding may be unpredictable. Further management of placenta previa is determined by fetal viability and gestational age, presence of labor, and severity of bleeding. General management principles At admission, the general condition of the patient is evaluated, and the degree of pallor vital signs, fetal heart rate established. If transfusion is anticipated, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and electrolytes may also be evaluated.

A bedside clotting time can be performed by placing blood into a plain red-top tube and put aside. The blood should clot within 6 minutes, and delayed clotting is suggestive of coagulopathy. A standard Rhesus immunoglobulin dose of mg is administered to Rh negative and indirect Coombs test negative women, unless the qualitative Kleihauer-Betke stain suggests the need for additional doses of Rh immunoglobulin.

Rhesus negative women may also undergo a quantitative rosette test or flow cytometry to assess the degree of fetal—maternal hemorrhage. For all cases of obstetric hemorrhage, use of evidence-based standards like obstetric safety bundles and obstetric hemorrhage protocols are highly encouraged. Conservative management Conservative management may be safe and extend the pregnancy by an average of 4 weeks after the sentinel bleeding.

During conservative care, patients should be evaluated continuously by monitoring of vulval pads to assess for increased bleeding, and serial growth fetal ultrasonography every 2—3 weeks and regular hemoglobin check. Patients should receive supplementary hematinics or blood products if anemic. Patients on conservative management who are stable should remain admitted until at least 48 hours of no bleeding.

Home management can be considered for stable asymptomatic cases, if there is a controlled setting at home, limited activity, adequate support and access to transport to a nearby hospital. Any subsequent significant bleeding patients are readmitted until delivery. Women on conservative management may benefit from pelvic rest, reduced strenuous physical activity, and avoidance of sexual intercourse. Unless contraindicated, tocolytics may be considered, but only during administration of antenatal corticosteroids.

All women with placenta previa types II, III, IV are delivered by cesarean section, while asymptomatic women with low lying placenta more than 2 cm from the cervical os can undergo normal labor and delivery. In both cases, there is increased risk of primary postpartum hemorrhage from lower uterine segment atony. Cesarean section for placenta previa should be performed by the most experienced team including obstetric, anesthetic and neonatal team members because of the substantial risk of intraoperative hemorrhage and adverse neonatal outcome.

If alert, patients should be counseled and consent obtained for additional interventions like uterine compression sutures, e. Other support systems required may include urology, massive blood transfusion specialists, critical care, and interventional radiology for placenta previa and accreta. When morbidly adherent placenta is suspected, uterine artery catheterization can be performed before the delivery by interventional radiology.

Whereas regional or spinal-epidural anesthesia can be safely performed for nonurgent cases and is preferred due to lower blood loss, general anesthesia is often recommended primarily for unstable cases and when additional procedures are required, regional anesthesia can be converted to general anesthesia. In severe cases and limited experience, a vertical skin incision provides optimal exposure. Otherwise a transverse incision may be adequate. Cesarean section is often performed via a lower uterine segment incision due to vast experience, direct access to bleeding sinuses, and placenta accreta.

However, these incisions are associated with substantial hemorrhage from anterior blood vessels, anterior placenta and the fetus. If the placenta is anterior, the umbilical cord is clamped immediately to prevent excessive blood loss. A vertical incision is preferable in cases of premature fetus or transverse lie. A classical cesarean section or high vertical uterine incision may be performed to expedite delivery, avoid or limit placental disturbance during delivery, reduce fetal hemorrhage and leave accreta placenta in situ and preserve uterus.

However, reduced access makes it difficult to control bleeding. In addition, classical cesarean section is associated with increased hemorrhage and uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies. After delivery of the fetus, and spontaneous separation of the placenta, the uterine incision is closed and any excess hemorrhage controlled by standard procedures such as uterotonics, tranexamic acid, bimanual uterine massage, balloon tamponade, compression B-Lynch, Hackethal or Cho sutures, uterine artery or internal iliac artery ligation, uterine artery or internal iliac artery embolization or hysterectomy depending on the skill set and availability of required resources.

Patients with placenta previa should be screened for morbidly adherent placenta MAP , if there is high suspicion, and a cesarean section should be performed without manipulation of the placenta. In addition, hemorrhage from MAP can be managed conservatively by resection or leaving placenta in situ, or through cesarean hysterectomy. Maternal complications Women with placenta previa have higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage due to atony of lower uterine segment and bleeding at the placental implantation site.

In addition to antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum hemorrhages, other complications of placenta previa include cesarean delivery and associated complications. Catastrophic maternal hemorrhage from placenta previa may result in end organ dysfunction such as acute tubular necrosis and Sheehan syndrome following pituitary infarction, blood transfusion, septicemia, thrombophlebitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, prolonged hospitalization, and maternal death.

Prior uterine incision and placenta previa have an increased likelihood of MAP as placenta accreta, increta, and percreta and its management including cesarean hysterectomy. Neonatal complications Preterm birth represents the greatest source of morbidity for the fetus. In severe cases, there may be fetal anoxia and intrauterine or early neonatal death. Preterm infants who survive severe intrauterine hypoxia may suffer long-term neurocognitive and developmental disability.

Epidemiology Placenta abruptio contributes to about one-third of all antepartum hemorrhages, occurs in about 0. Some are more severe with greater risk of adverse consequences. Placenta abruptio can be, retroplacental, between the placenta and myometrium; marginal, subchorionic, between the placenta and membranes; or preplacental, subamniotic, between the placenta and the amniotic fluid. A retroplacental abruption in which there is no obvious discernible external bleeding is also called concealed abruptio placenta.

Occurring at the edge of the placenta, marginal placenta abruptio results in lifting of the placental edge away from the uterus. In severe cases, marginal placenta abruptio may extend from the edge to the rest of the placenta. Preplacental placental abruptio are often without clinical significance. Severity of placenta abruptio has been graded using the Sher Severity system into three grades. Grade 3A have no coagulopathy compared to grade 3B who have coagulopathy. The hematoma may expand causing further disruption of more spiral vessels and extension of placental abruptio and compression of the underlying placenta.

In traumatic abruptio placenta, placental separation may result from varying degrees of trauma from such sources as motor vehicle accidents, physical assault or fall. In these cases, the placental separation is thought to result from deceleration injury as well as deformation of the elastic myometrium around an inelastic placenta. In spontaneous abruptio the source of bleeding is usually maternal due to separation within the maternal decidua, while the placental villi are unaffected.

Fetal—maternal hemorrhage is likely to occur in traumatic abruption when there is placental tear. Placenta abruptio can also be acute or chronic in onset. Chronic abruption placenta begins early in pregnancy and may be associated with oligohydramnios as part of chronic abruption-oligohydramnios sequence CAOS.

The incidence of placenta abruption increases with maternal age and is for example 2. Severe grades of abruption are more common in African-American and white women versus Asian or Latin-American women at 1 : , 1 : and 1 : , respectively. Genetic and family history. Severe grades of abruptio placenta are associated with increased risk of abruptio among sisters. High levels of homocysteine can lead to thrombosis and damage of the spiral arteries leading to placental abruption.

Hyperhomocystinemia results from mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, which prevents normal remethylation. This can be reduced by folate and pyridoxine supplementation. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The risk of placental abruption is up to two-fold higher in women with gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, or chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia.

Preterm premature rupture of membranes PROM. Cigarette smoking is associated with two-fold risk for abruption. Cocaine use is associated with severe grades of abruptio that may result in stillbirth. Performance performance Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytics analytics Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website.

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