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Nimmer of the University of Houston Law Center. He has written and lectured extensively on licensing and information law topics, has been an adjunct at the University of Law Center and has been a lecturer at Beijing Normal University.

Yu Peter K. Whatever formal or legal overlay is applied to these new trading arrangements — it is essential to understand that this is now trade in IP licences as such, rather than trade in goods that have an IP component as an adjunct or ancillary element. TRIPS came about at a time when economic growth theory incorporated intangible knowledge as an endogenous factor, rather than maintaining it as exogenous to models of growth.

It illustrates the role that ICTs have taken on as conduits for digital and digitallyenabled trade and describes recent digital developments such as cloud services, large scale data analytics, Internet of things, artificial intelligence, robotics, and three-dimensional printing. It presents the relevant trade data and then covers, in broad strokes, the landscape of policy challenges that governments confront as they seek to adapt, and examples of ways trade negotiators have begun to shape new legal frameworks.

The rise of such technologies and corresponding growth in services that trade internationally by means of the global movements of information has led policy makers to believe a new or enhanced legal regime could be needed. Not always well understood, digital trends can lead to exaggerated fears and cataclysmic predictions. Over-reaction to these transformations can hold the risk of disproportionate policy responses, which may harm not only trade, but also the sharing of knowledge across borders.

One significant challenge, the article nevertheless raises, is that international trade rules are founded on the premise that national governments can implement them at or within their borders. Yet, many of the policy and legal responses that arise from an unanticipated shift in services trade from commercial presence to crossborder supply, have a variety of interjurisdictional consequences.

Therefore, whatever trade rules may be employed, existing or new, the article concludes that enhanced efforts at collaboration among governments will be needed to complement and coordinate national initiatives. The primacy of state sovereignty in intellectual property up to the late 19th century gave way to the important WIPO treaties, which still retained some independence of member states and based international regulatory responses directly on national experience.

Proliferating free-trade agreements FTAs have emerged as a new platform to agree to IP-related regulatory responses that can be used to project the national solutions of a few dominant FTA-partners. However, these FTAs have also served to give legally binding status to internationally agreed non-binding recommendations. Still further behind to reaching any kind of agreement are the emerging issues of online exhaustion, data mining and IP-related questions of artificial intelligence.

Advances in information and communications technologies ICTs , and the possibilities offered by digitization and new business models, have widened opportunities for such trade, shaping production networks in goods and services and global value chains.

This paper describes the importance of such trade. It depicts current concepts and methods used to compile official statistics in a global value chain environment and to describe characteristics of traders in IP products. In considering what we ca learn from cross-border knowledge flows from IMF Balance of payments data and other statistical frameworks, it concludes with an outline for a way forward to improve the information base.

This creates a need for understanding cross-border flows of disembodied knowledge, often associated with intellectual property IP. However, data on these international IP-related knowledge flows, specifically, cross-border payments for use of IP, are distorted. This chapter describes the trend of increased cross-border trade in ideas, assessing the main data sources and distortions to these flows. The chapter analyses the tax effects on cross border IP measures and the magnitudes and trends in the tax distortions.

It concludes with some possible avenues for reducing mismeasurement distortions, directed at national statisticians, national tax administrations, policymakers and analysts, and academics. First, that the net flow of technical knowledge tends to be from more developed to less developed countries. Second, that the trajectory of climate change-mitigation knowledge flow increased especially from developed to developing countries after the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement on climate change.

We find that massive amounts of technical information are exchanged, among countries around the world, in sometimes surprising patterns. Developed country patents supply a disproportionate amount of patent citations compared to patents from developing countries, and the importance of technical knowledge thereby transferred is disproportionately high.

However, we observe some evidence that this imbalance in knowledge flow may be beginning to reverse itself, as developing country patents have become increasingly cited by those in developed countries, and the importance of developing world patents has grown. We did not discern evidence that the Kyoto Protocol has spurred knowledge flow in climate-mitigation technology, but found some preliminary evidence consistent with an effect by the Paris Agreement. We did find evidence consistent with the possibility that the TRIPS Agreement may have spurred pharmaceutical and more general knowledge flow.

All three sources provide a very consistent message. First, knowledge flows with East Asia, particularly China, are occurring more frequently. Second, knowledge flows are increasingly concentred in information and communication technologies. Our discussion critically evaluates whether these data support the empirical findings in the studies by identifying where IPRs data are particularly useful and where these data have limitations.

Additionally, we discuss the potential value of making greater use of IPRs assignment data. The goal of the chapter is to provide a reference to help policymakers evaluate the trade in knowledge literature, particularly the interpretation of IPRs-based evidence for policy decisions. It begins with a brief discussion of the data limitations that challenge the analysis of this market, and continues with overviews of the key characteristics, important trends, and competitive landscapes in each of the major digital content sectors — video games, video on demand VoD , digital music, and e-publishing primarily e-books.

The chapter ends with a short summary of intellectual property rights issues or barriers that are currently affecting the global digital content industry. However, low-income countries and smaller middleincome countries remain largely excluded from this kind of global flows of knowledge. The chapter concludes with an outline of a future research agenda.

Standardized international patent data available to policymakers and managers can trace specific knowledge flows, for example those that occur frequently via mergers and acquisitions. Mergers shape current as well as future knowledge flows, for example by inter alia affecting the incentives and capabilities to innovate.

Regulatory authorities in Europe have begun to examine these merger-related impacts on future knowledge flows to prevent potentially negative effects on consumers. One of the key challenges is how to measure these knowledge flows more accurately to make better decisions on important mergers.

It shows how to measure relevant knowledge flows by means of novel patent analytics, moving beyond conventional patent indicators. In addition, it presents patent analytics using these novel patent measures to depict other potential analyses tracing and assessing knowledge flows in different contexts. It also shows where new knowledge has originated and how it has spread to other geographical regions.

Countries are clearly interdependent when it comes to knowledge flows. It demonstrates how policymakers and managers can use future-oriented, quantitative patent analytics to improve policy decisions related to cross-border knowledge flows and innovation. We begin by reviewing some of the key empirical findings and policy lessons from that literature. We then build on this review by pointing out the importance and uneven distribution across developing countries of absorptive capacity, which may help explain the uneven diffusion of knowledge across these countries.

We assess the extent to which the TRIPS Agreement is associated with an increase in trade of knowledge-intensive products. This allows us to isolate the effect of IP protection from changes in trade that result from other aspects of WTO membership, such as reductions in tariffs and improved terms of trade. We also explore differences across IP-intensive sectors, and differences across countries.

We find that adoption of the TRIPS Agreement is associated with increased trade in IP-intensive products in both developing countries and highincome countries. Overall, developing countries have seen greater access to innovation exported from the most innovative countries, and these countries have also participated in the global market for innovative products through their own exports.

To benefit from this knowledge in their research and development, firms often need to have access also to its non-codifiable part that diffuses only via face-to-face communication and direct transfer. This chapter shows that international supply chains can facilitate access to foreign non-codified knowledge and thus provide a boost to innovation through international knowledge spillovers.

We show that production linkages are especially conducive to knowledge spillovers when firms in the knowledge-receiving country are both sourcing from and selling to the international supply chain. In addition, we find that not only countries at the technology frontier, but also middle-income countries can benefit from research spending abroad. Finally, our results suggest that knowledge diffusion has become less localized as international supply chains have become more global.

International and domestic patenting and value-added Trade Intellectual property plays an important role in the global economy through its impact on technology diffusion, knowledge transfer and competition. As production has become fragmented into coordinated processes that span the globe, the role of patents has evolved.

Patents can transmit technical knowledge and facilitate upstream and downstream licensing arrangements, thereby increasing the flow of intermediate and final goods and catalyzing knowledge spillovers across sectors and regions. We exploit an algorithmic concordance that links patents to industry and product classifications to estimate how patents affect the organization and structure of Global Value Chains GVCs.

Using the World-Input Output Database as the basis for various GVC measures, we find that increased international patenting inflows are associated with greater value-added production, but that this positive effect is driven entirely by industries in high-income countries. We conclude with discussion of important limitations of this exploratory analysis and implications for future research.

Internet access makes it easy for users to infringe digital content and has undermined the property rights of creators. We first provide evidence and review methods adopted by researchers to quantify the revenue losses in these industries and outline the challenges in quantifying these numbers. We review current research in this space and discuss the respective roles of government, rights holders, ISPs and platforms in enforcing the rights.

The role can be demand side where demand of infringing goods is reduced or supply side where supply of infringing content is reduced. We outline the short term and long term effectiveness of various policies and stakeholders in different counties. The expansion of the digital creative economy creates not just new and alternative business models, it also generates new markets, which make creative industries a critical resource for economic development. This chapter assesses the challenges and opportunities for creative industries in developing countries, especially as it relates to making the transition to a digital creative economy and to the adoption of blockchain technologies which have the potential to address structural challenges such as big data management, financial inclusion and integration into global value chains.

The legal regimes that govern streaming of music and audiovisual works in the United States and the European Union have already undergone considerable change to address these concerns, and further changes are likely in the future.

In the United States, recent reforms have focused on protecting the rights of music and sound recording creators to receive compensation for the use of their works by licensed streaming services.

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In particular, a lot is being learned about Whitebeard's and Gol D. Roger's crews. Marco's early days, in particular, have come as quite a surprise for fans. Perhaps one of the most endearing qualities and style clashes being how much of a literal baby face he was.

Marco was extremely young when he joined Whitebeard's crew, being just 15 at the time the crew visited Wano. The man who fought Kizaru used to be just an arrogant kid. During Whitebeard's early days, he had a near entirely different crew, including the likes of future independent pirates, Andre and Whitey Bay.

Even a little prior to Marineford, Marco was a chilld and laid back guy, only letting out the most sly of smiles. However, when he was young, Marco was as curious, cheery, and arrogant as they can be. It's hard now to imagine his young face without a brimming smile, as an eager, passionate mind ventured towards a vast sea. Even when he initially got his Devil Fruit, all he wanted to do was lay back and float around like the free bird he was.

As such, the idea of Devil Fruit subsets and varieties came in like a breath of fresh air, where the series began to tell us that among the already rare but not really Devil Fruits of the world, there are also rarer, more powerful ones. Or, at the very least, just looks really cool. He Can Heal Other People Revealed in the later chapters of the manga and only in the most recent of episodes from the anime, Marco can actually share the healing properties of his Devil Fruit.

RELATED: One Piece Reveals the Secret Past of One of Its Greatest Pirates While this might have been teased during the Paramount War, where he desperately tries to get to Whitebeard during a crucial moment, his healing abilities have only been officially revealed as of late, being used to heal and treat the citizens of a village that Whitebeard made.

He is, however, a guy running near his fifties, having actually been a part of the Whitebeard Pirates for more than 20 years which is kind of a long time, considering that Luffy and co. Oda, being a man of the people, accommodates these recommendations. His First Appearance Anime Is Episode While the Marco that fans know and love was initially seen in the anime in the meeting between Whitebeard and Shanks during Episode , he was actually shown much earlier, around the Skypeia arc.

Well… this is Marco, being given an early, more generic design in the anime before his much larger role was revealed. Javier Jesus Lopez, a year-old warehouse worker who lives down the street from where the altercation took place, now faces a felony charge of aggravated battery. A phone number listed for Lopez in the incident report—which The Daily Beast has redacted from the document—went straight to voicemail Monday evening.

In an email on Monday, Sgt. Senate in , is running for reelection against Democratic challenger Rep. Val Demings. The former police chief of Orlando, Demings is trailing Rubio by just under five points as of Monday night , according to the latest FiveThirtyEight poll. Story continues The alleged attack on the Rubio volunteer occurred around p.

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While it may be a little difficult to hear within the sub and totally absent within the dub, Marco likes to end his sentences with "yoi," such as going "Straw Hat-yoi" or saying "This was a nice day-yoi. He Joined the Whitebeard Pirates at a Young Age Wano has had a lot of key developments lately, especially within its flashback arcs. In particular, a lot is being learned about Whitebeard's and Gol D. Roger's crews. Marco's early days, in particular, have come as quite a surprise for fans.

Perhaps one of the most endearing qualities and style clashes being how much of a literal baby face he was. Marco was extremely young when he joined Whitebeard's crew, being just 15 at the time the crew visited Wano. The man who fought Kizaru used to be just an arrogant kid. During Whitebeard's early days, he had a near entirely different crew, including the likes of future independent pirates, Andre and Whitey Bay.

Even a little prior to Marineford, Marco was a chilld and laid back guy, only letting out the most sly of smiles. However, when he was young, Marco was as curious, cheery, and arrogant as they can be. It's hard now to imagine his young face without a brimming smile, as an eager, passionate mind ventured towards a vast sea.

Even when he initially got his Devil Fruit, all he wanted to do was lay back and float around like the free bird he was. As such, the idea of Devil Fruit subsets and varieties came in like a breath of fresh air, where the series began to tell us that among the already rare but not really Devil Fruits of the world, there are also rarer, more powerful ones.

Or, at the very least, just looks really cool. He Can Heal Other People Revealed in the later chapters of the manga and only in the most recent of episodes from the anime, Marco can actually share the healing properties of his Devil Fruit. RELATED: One Piece Reveals the Secret Past of One of Its Greatest Pirates While this might have been teased during the Paramount War, where he desperately tries to get to Whitebeard during a crucial moment, his healing abilities have only been officially revealed as of late, being used to heal and treat the citizens of a village that Whitebeard made.

He is, however, a guy running near his fifties, having actually been a part of the Whitebeard Pirates for more than 20 years which is kind of a long time, considering that Luffy and co. Oda, being a man of the people, accommodates these recommendations.

In an email on Monday, Sgt. Senate in , is running for reelection against Democratic challenger Rep. Val Demings. The former police chief of Orlando, Demings is trailing Rubio by just under five points as of Monday night , according to the latest FiveThirtyEight poll. Story continues The alleged attack on the Rubio volunteer occurred around p. Sunday in a residential section of Hialeah, a city in Miami-Dade County of just under , residents. He was once a member of the League of the South LOS , which has been designated a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center , but claimed last year to have resigned.